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These processes have two important consequences: (i) the energy of S/ is partially dissipated yielding a relaxed excited state Si, from which fluorescence emission originates; (ii) not all the molecules initially excited in the first step return to the ground state by fluorescence emission, but other processes may depopulate Si (such as heat emission).
iii) Fluorescence emission: a photon of energy hvEM (lower than hvEX) is emitted while the fluorophore returns to its ground state S0.
Figure 3.36: Jablonski diagram for fluorescence emission: (i) the fluorophore is excited passing from the ground state S0 to the excited state Si'; (ii) relaxation to the excited state Si (of lower energy than Si); and (iii) the fluorophore returns to the ground state S0 emitting a photon of energy hvEM < hvEX (fluorescence emission).
Figure 3.41: pH dependence of fluorescence emission intensity of fluorescein measured at 520 nm.
Common fluorophores used in these sensors are pyrene and its derivatives or ruthenium complexes, whose fluorescence emission is inhibited by oxygen.
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